Essay on Synthesis and Chemistry of K2S2O8 - 2122 Words

SYNTHESIS AND CHEMISTRY OF K2S2O8 ABSTRACT In this experiment, a sample of K2S2O8 was prepared by the electrolysis of an aqueous solution of H2SO4 and K2SO4. The peroxodisulfate anion, S2O82-, was also observed for its ability to serve as a counterion for precipitation by preparing a copper (II) complex by reacting hydrated copper (II) sulfate with ammonium peroxodisulfate in the presence of pyridine. This same ability, coupled with its strong oxidizing ability allowed for stabilization of the unusual oxidation state of 2+ for silver which was observed by preparing an analogous silver (II) complex by reacting silver (I) nitrate with ammonium peroxodisulfate in the presence of pyridine. IR spectra for the three products were†¦show more content†¦Thus, it is an important and popular tool for structural elucidation and compound identification. EXPERIMENTAL METHOD A. Preparation of potassium peroxodisulfate A potential set-up was prepared wherein the 25 x 150 mm test tube was filled with K2SO4 (30mL, 0.15 mol) saturated at 0  °C in 5M H2SO4. The test tube was immersed in ice, power supply was adjusted to give the solution a current of ~3.0 amps. Current was read and recorded as accurately a possible, as well as the time over which electrolysis was carried out. K2S2O8 precipitated over a period of 45-50 minutes during which the temperature was maintained close to 0  °C (~8  °C or lower) during electrolysis. Crystals were collected in a Buchner funnel, washed with alcohol, then ether, then transferred into a sample tube for storage. B. Reactions of Peroxodisulfate Ion A saturated solution of K2S2O8 in water was prepared and the following reactions were carried out. The results were compared with similar reactions using hydrogen peroxide. 1) Acidified KI solution, warming gently 2) Silver nitrate solution 3) MnSO4 solution in 2M H2SO4, containing 1 drop of AgNO3 solution 4) Titanium (IV) sulphate solution C. Preparation of Tetrapyridinecopper(II) Peroxodisulfate Solutions of CuSO4ï‚Ÿ5H2O (0.506 g in 10mL water, 3.17E-3 mol) and ammonium peroxodisulfate (1.030 g in 10mL water, 4.51E-3 mol) were prepared and mixedShow MoreRelatedThe Doping Of Semiconductor By Rare Earth Metal Nanoparticle1754 Words   |  8 Pagesensures high chemical homogeneity because of the aqueous solution mixture of initial reagents that favors the production of desired phases. Among the soft-chemistry techniques, the gel-combustion method needss comparatively shorter reaction times and lower temperatures. Recently gel combustion method has been utilized in organic and inorganic synthesis [36]. The benefits of gel-combustion methods includes fine chemical homogeneity, high purity fine particles size distribution and easy doping etc. There

My Educational Goals and Philosophy Statement Essay

My Education Philosophy Developing a personal education philosophy is a process that may never end, but I believe that I am in the midst of creating one based on my own experiences and the lessons I am receiving in college. After examining the various education philosophies outlined in the â€Å"Teachers, Schools Society† textbook by Myra Pollack Sadker and David Miller Sadker, I have decided that my present philosophy is an eclectic combination of Essentialism and Progressivism. This approach covers my beliefs and the way I hope to interact with students. I believe, like the essentialists, that is important to throughly cover the basics of English, writing, math, and science. Students cannot be†¦show more content†¦I believe teachers should find ways to make their lessons interesting activities instead of drudgery. This will take more effort, but it will be worth the trouble if the students gain more from their engaged time. When the project-based approach is applied to a group, students could help one another and, as a result, learn from one another. Students who are not having trouble with their English lessons could help students who are having to make more of an effort. They would also experience the benefits of team work and sharing ideas. Today’s employers want people who know how to communicate effectively and work in a team, so I feel my eclectic philosophy of essentialism and progressivism would help students learn skills that would be valuable later in their lives. A stimulating, progressive approach to English would help the students gain essential communications skills. This essentialism-progressivism approach is the best way to take advantage of the experience I gained while working as a journalist. During my 15 years at the Bluefield Daily Telegraph, I learned that few people know how to write effectively. I often had to decipher incoherent letters composed by otherwise intelligent people. Even more shocking examples of poor writing entered the email posted at my previous address. One time a boy who was interested in tarantulas sent me a long, rambling letter that wasShow MoreRelated My Educational Goals and Philosophy Statement Essay867 Words   |  4 PagesMy Educational Goals and Philosophy Statement I believe that each child is a unique individual who needs a secure, caring, and stimulating atmosphere in which to grow and mature emotionally, intellectually, physically, socially, and academically. It is my desire as a future educator to help students meet their fullest potential by providing an environment that is safe, supports risk-taking, and invites a sharing of ideas. There are two elements that I believe are essential to establishingRead MoreEssay on My Educational Goals and Philosophy Statement1439 Words   |  6 PagesMy Educational Goals and Philosophy Statement The most important function of education at any level is to develop the personality of the individual and the significance of his life to himself and to others -Grayson Kirk. The teaching philosophy of progressivism focuses on developing the whole child. This philosophy not only teaches the core subject material, but it also allows the teacher to help develop the person the child is going to be. John Dewey, founderRead More My Educational Goals and Philosophy Statement Essays1035 Words   |  5 PagesMy Eclectic Educational Philosophy Thinking back on the years of high school, I remember having wonderful experiences both inside the classroom and out. I had influential teachers and the drive to succeed in order to obtain a higher education. I realize that not all students have that drive to continue their education, but as an aspiring educator I wish to seek and find that drive in each of my students. The famous philosopher and educator, John Dewey, once said, The aim of educationRead More My Educational Goals and Philosophy Statement Essay721 Words   |  3 PagesMy Education Philosophy I’ve always believed very strongly in hard work, perseverance, strong moral character. These traits to me are what exemplifies a superior teacher that has the privilege to touch many lives and change the world we live in. Hardwork is something that isn’t artificial, or can’t be bought. It’s a very special characteristic that sets people apart in the respect that it shows who want’s to be successful and make a difference and who doesn’t. InRead MoreMy Personal Philosophy Of Education1476 Words   |  6 PagesPersonal Philosophy of Education Submitted by: Wessam Elamawy . Personal Philosophy of Education Introduction: From the very beginning of my life I recognized the importance of higher education. I am 34 years old. I am Egyptian. I was born in a highly educated family . My father earned a Ph.D. in chemistry. My uncle earned a Ph.D. in Engineering . My aunt is a doctor. My grandparents were highly educated and they were great leaders in the educational field. This shaped my personalityRead MoreEssay about Personal Educational Philosophy1069 Words   |  5 PagesAbstract This paper is my personal educational philosophy statement. It represents my ideas and values about teaching and learning; it reveals my personal teaching beliefs and their relation to the five major established educational philosophies; it shows my role and responsibilities in educational process. I place great significance on personal style of instruction and its influence on curriculum implementation. The paper also highlights my career aspiration and orientation. Read MoreMy Philosophy Of Professional Practice1416 Words   |  6 PagesMy Philosophy of â€Å"Professional Practice† statement My philosophy of professional practice statement is to give the maximum in work not only for the students but also for those that surround me. My philosophy is very simple to respect all people to respect me.Strive to help students think critically, facilitate learning with customized modifications, and help students use problem-solving strategies. My personal core of belief is always practiced active listening to assist the students better. ItRead MoreEssay on Mission and Vision Statement897 Words   |  4 Pages Mission and Vision Statement Mission Statement: As an educator I will provide for students the opportunity to make a positive difference in their lives to help them accomplish unexpected goals. I will enhance learning to support my students in achieving their highest potential by integrating technology into the curriculum. I will integrate conceptual technology learning techniques that will implement concrete knowledge of technology that will emphasize mastery of understanding. Through committedRead More My Philosophy Statement Essay1177 Words   |  5 PagesMy Philosophy Statement In this philosophy statement you will not be reading the statement of a great philosophical mind, but of an education student who loves to work with kids and who tries to have the students best interest in mind. comparing and contrasting my views with the views of many of the philosophical giants throughout history I will discuss five topics: 1.) the nature of students, 2.) the nature of knowledge, 3.) the purpose of public education, 4.) the method of education,Read MoreEducational Philosophies650 Words   |  3 PagesEducational Philosophies Elizabeth Howell Liberty University What is the philosophy of education? It is a set of ideas and beliefs that guides teachers’ actions and provides a framework for thinking about educational issues. (Kauchak and Eggen, 197) Teachers use philosophy everyday in their classrooms. From the time the first student enters their room until the last student walks out, philosophy is affecting the way the teacher runs his/her classroom and how they interact with their students

Develop a business plan including financial planning Free Essays

Develop a business plan including financial planning and marketing BY Ere-NY I am a fully qualified Offset Registered Children. Challenging takes place on the ground floor of my house In big and spacious room fully equipped and caters for all age groups from 0-8 years. Professional Qualifications and Experience I have previous experience in working full time as a children assistant, therefore I am updated with all the E. We will write a custom essay sample on Develop a business plan including financial planning or any similar topic only for you Order Now Y. F. S. Stages of development and will give you a daily profile of your child and reviews with a more detailed profile of your child’s work. I am articulacy interested in role-play for children, mime and story telling. I also use a lot of nursery rhymes, singing and poems with children. Languages I am Italian, which I can teach if parents are interested using flash cards, games, and music. I also have a basic understanding of Spanish and French however my assistants are also bal-lingual in Spanish and Turkish. Food and Allergies All possible precautions will be taken to avoid the most common allergies such as nuts, eggs and berries. Wheat allergy can be taken Into account and discussed. All the food I give Is vegetarian and organic. This Includes milk (formulas are usually supplied by the parent). Food is given every hour to an hour and a half throughout the day. Alternatively you can bring your own which will be given at similar timings. A menu for the week is given at the beginning of the week. All meals include fruit or yogurt or fruit puree and fresh fruit is given at least twice a day and up to four or five kinds of fruit often. This is naturally seasonal. Assistants I have two fully Offset registered assistants, both working 20 hours per week on a Rota basis also depending on how many children we have to care at the same time ND they work from 8. 0 to 5. 00 and occasionally longer and one as standby to work odd hours/half or full days If the other one Is Ill or absent for any reason. Activities Each child under my care Is precious and unique. Deferent activities are laid out to slut different needs and reading. Quiet but mentally stimulating activities are encouraged such as puzzles, drawing and other art and craft simple activities such as fuzzy-felt or construction toys such as leg/duple/sticklebacks. Play: Children have a structured day with age related toys, which are regularly washed and checked Children over the age of two will take a part in cooking – Artwork for children of all ages – Sure Start Children’s Centre – Libraries -Outings to parks A list of what toys are displayed for the children Is made on a weekly basis. This then helps parents Identify what toys children are playing with, dally. Children can also access toys from shelves bookcases, and drawers that are mostly at their level even for children of nine or ten months. Equipment Is changed regularly to slut the needs of the children. School runs are also considered, if you would like to know more My house has a lovely big garden with all the outdoor toys and activities. The children, especially in the spring are stimulated to do outdoor activities such us planting strawberry and see it grow. Children’s Centre is usually visited on a regular basis. Other days of the week parks, Wood Green library, toy libraries and places of interest are visited which include cultural and festive places such as a visit to see Father Christmas. Outings lists are made for the whole week. I do not charge for outings that are less than E. This means that within this time an eight-hour day is EYE. O. However I do work longer than those hours if required from 6. 30 am to 7. Pm. Longer hours than this may be considered. All rates other than the standard times will be extra and can be discussed. I also work in the evenings and rates will vary accordingly. Babysitting pm onwards which can be discussed I. E. Your house or my house. Overnight care is registered by Offset as can be seen my registration certificate. Reviews and parties. I have regular reviews and parties for parents. Sometimes reviews are Joint as some things may apply to several parents. Parties are a way of both parents and children socializing and children seeing how we all interact with each other. Location Wood Green, Perth Road NON, about 3 min by bus from Wood Green underground. Parking is freer before am and after pm however if you require to stay long time for a review I can provide you with visitors’ parking permit. Comprehensive list of rates for other timings is available, please ask if interested Please book a time to come and visit any weekday, preferably not between 12 and 2. 00 as children are having their lunch and getting ready to sleep. Late afternoon after pm up to pm is preferable. How to cite Develop a business plan including financial planning, Papers

Gambling Addiction free essay sample

While it may appear that addictions are solely pleasure-seeking behaviors, the roots of addiction can also be traced to a wish to suppress or avoid some kind of emotional pain. In the broadest sense, addictive or pathological gambling is gambling behavior which causes disruptions in any major area of life: psychological, physical, social or vocational. Addictive gambling is sometimes referred to as the hidden illness, because there are no visible physical symptoms. The American Psychological Association classifies compulsive gambling as a mental health disorder of impulse control. It is a chronic and progressive disease that is both diagnosable and treatable. About 2 to 4 percent of Americans have an active gambling problem. Compulsive gambling can be categorized into two types: action gambling and escape gambling. * In action gambling, the gambler is addicted to the thrill of risk-taking as his or her substance of choice, much in the same way that a cocaine addict is hooked on cocaine. We will write a custom essay sample on Gambling Addiction or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The action itself becomes the drug. Action gamblers typically engage in games with other players, since part of the adrenaline rush is in the appearance or identity as a winner. * Escape gambling occurs when the gambler seeks to blot out some discomforting feelings or emotional life crisis. The action of gambling is secondary to the numbing effect of the activity. Escape gamblers prefer more singular outlets such as slot machines, where they can avoid human contact. Men tend more towards action gambling, and women tend to become escape gamblers. It is significant to note that teens are about three times more likely to become pathological gamblers than adults. This is the reverse of the case in most addictions, where the problem among adults is statistically more prevalent than among children and teens. For this reason, early education about the dangers of gambling addiction and information on how to get help for the problem is vital for preventing the disease. Problem and pathological gamblers across age groups also use tobacco, alcohol, marijuana, cocaine, and other drugs more often than do other groups. What are the signs and symptoms of gambling addiction? Sadly, children are negatively affected by gambling addiction in several ways. Physical and emotional abandonment is a very real phenomenon. ‘Casino kids’ are left in cars or on the periphery of the gambling action while their parents gamble, or may spend hours with babysitters, thus missing the nurturing they need. Children of pathological gamblers are typically abused verbally, mentally and physically by the gambler, and often even more so by the co-dependent spouse. Finally, these children are much more likely to develop gambling addiction than their peers.

The North American Frontier Contributed Greatly To Todays Essay Example For Students

The North American Frontier Contributed Greatly To Todays Essay The North American frontier contributed greatly to todaysAmerican culture. For nearly 150 years before independence, theAppalachian mountain range had been the American frontier, separatingcivilization from wilderness. When North America gained independenceand became the United States, however, people began to move morefreely across the frontiers, into the unknown. The land belonged tothem now, and they were free to explore it however deeply they choseclaiming at will what land they saw. One can explain Americandevelopment as the existence of a large area of free land constantlyreceding, and American settlement advancing westward. The differencein American institutions from those of any other nation is thatAmerican institutions have a way of adapting themselves to thegrowing, changing nation for which they were imposed. In addition,American development has shown itself to be not only an advance alonga single frontier, but a cycle of returning to primitive conditionsalong a constantly moving frontier line, then settling and civilizingthose areas. The American frontier is also unlike that of any othercountry in that most other countries have developed in a limited areaof which they knew the boundaries, meeting and conquering otherdeveloping nations around them. But in the case of North America, thefrontier was where savagery and civilization met, and nobody knew whatlay beyond it. The settlers of North America had no idea that thecontinent they had begun settling was so enormously vast; they simplytook nature as it came. The pioneers necessity to cope with naturalbarriers and survive in near anarchy, in essence beingself-sufficient, has greatly affected the American culture oftoday. We will write a custom essay on The North American Frontier Contributed Greatly To Todays specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now One of the areas affected by the frontier experience waspolitics. People on the frontier had to deal with whatever lifebrought them and make the best of it. They learned how to be veryindividualized, pushing their way through whatever barriers naturepresented. This individuality has led Americans to develop agovernment that facilitates individualism. We, the Americans, areusually suspicious, untrusting, and paranoid of the government becausewe like to be independent, individually solving whatever problemsarise in our path to the goal. This mentality is shown in the nationsprotests to the governments increasing tyranny and intervention inour personal lives; however, a changing, growing nation requireschanges in government. We believe in individualism, and we apply thisbelief to all aspects of our lives. In the so-called Wild West,government does not pay as close attention to peoples actions, andthis was where the vast majority of the nations reforms we know todayoriginated. For exampl e, initiative, the right of the citizens toinitiate a new law into the legislature; referendum, the citizensright to directly vote a law into action instead of passing it throughthe legislature; recall, the citizens to vote a corrupt legislatorout of office by way of petition; and term limits were all reformsborn in the West. The reason for the governments low involvement inWesterners daily lives is that for centuries, even to this day, manyparts of the West have still been developing their society,civilization, and state governments. In the East, where we have alwaysbeen on the civilized side of the frontier, people tend more to acceptthe governments rules, mentally coming to the conclusion that thereis nothing they can do about it. But in the West new ideas for reformare constantly being born. Of course, there must be a compromisebetween a totalitarian government and complete anarchy; too muchgovernment restricts freedom while too little government does notprovide the convenient g overnment services we may take for granted,and allows society to get far too out of hand. .ua42aa53b6ceb8bd5535cdd7d721afe79 , .ua42aa53b6ceb8bd5535cdd7d721afe79 .postImageUrl , .ua42aa53b6ceb8bd5535cdd7d721afe79 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua42aa53b6ceb8bd5535cdd7d721afe79 , .ua42aa53b6ceb8bd5535cdd7d721afe79:hover , .ua42aa53b6ceb8bd5535cdd7d721afe79:visited , .ua42aa53b6ceb8bd5535cdd7d721afe79:active { border:0!important; } .ua42aa53b6ceb8bd5535cdd7d721afe79 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua42aa53b6ceb8bd5535cdd7d721afe79 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua42aa53b6ceb8bd5535cdd7d721afe79:active , .ua42aa53b6ceb8bd5535cdd7d721afe79:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua42aa53b6ceb8bd5535cdd7d721afe79 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua42aa53b6ceb8bd5535cdd7d721afe79 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua42aa53b6ceb8bd5535cdd7d721afe79 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua42aa53b6ceb8bd5535cdd7d721afe79 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua42aa53b6ceb8bd5535cdd7d721afe79:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua42aa53b6ceb8bd5535cdd7d721afe79 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua42aa53b6ceb8bd5535cdd7d721afe79 .ua42aa53b6ceb8bd5535cdd7d721afe79-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua42aa53b6ceb8bd5535cdd7d721afe79:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Antigone (495 words) EssayThe United States of America is a diverse but tolerant socialmixing pot. Unlike most other nations, America is a safe haven formany, many races and religions. People of a particular race or ethnicgroup usually live in clusters, minimally interfering with outsiders;taking this into mind, however, many immigrants are still amazed bythe high level of tolerance America holds. Our tolerance comes fromthe fact that so many ethnic groups arrived here during thesettlement, and that the black African slaves intermingled with thewhite community enough to earn that tolerance. Furthermore, in theWest many different types of people can settle without upsetting oneanother because of the vast empty space out west to separate them. Inaddition to our toleration of race and religion, America gives moreprivileges to its women than most other countries. This anomalyresults from the fact that during settlement the women were requiredto do certain mandatory work. They had nearly the same status as menin most aspects of their lives. In the fully civilized society ofmodern America, however, women are not required to do the same jobs asmen, and are thus on a lower status level. To this day, however,compared to other nations American women still have many more rightssuch as owning land, voting, and performing mens jobs. Education isanother aspect of social life affected by the frontier. Public schoolswere necessary to educate children at the time of settlement. Nosooner than the pioneers arrived here than the first public schoolswere set up. Our society today is still affected by this craze tolearn. America is constantly encouraging its children to s tay inschool, and American colleges are some of the best in the world. The frontier also affected modern American economy. Duringsettlement, people did not need or want a government to interfere withthe countrys economy. Thus a laissez-faire economic system wasestablished. Laissez-faire is a term to describe an economy in whichthe government interferes very little in day-to-day economic activity,and such a system is very closely related to capitalism. Economy inAmerica is one of speculation and risk taking; America was settled soquickly because of the fact that everything was abundant and extremelyavailable or easy get. Speculation was in fact not a great risk at allat that time, and even now, so people would take great risks knowingthat the odds were so greatly in their favor. Still today, Americansnearly throw their money into whatever new company they think has achance, and, not surpsingly, often come out richer than one coulddream. Americans also have a strong technological bias, and are apeople of tools and gadgets, so to speak. We have been such a ninventive country because of the fact that we always needed to devisesome way to get around an obstacle we found in nature. Another way, perhaps one of the most important, in which thefrontier has drastically affected modern American life ispsychologically. Americans in general enjoy solving problems orpuzzles, and Americans will usually at least make an attempt to solveany problems that confront them. This problem-solving personality inmany Americans goes back to the fact that there were innumerable tasksand problems set before the average settler each day: How do I getacross this stream? through this forest? build something on thisforest? keep the wild animals away? get food to eat? It is easy tosee that the settlers had no choice but to solve these problems oneway or another, or they would die. One negative aspect about thepsychology of our society is that we are one of violence-more violentthan many other nations on Earth. This way of violence with usresulted from the fact that out on the frontier when there was nogovernment, each man would have to settle his own problems, and if itinvolved violence o r killing, so be it. No one would even notice. .uf98b8d7cd9e7c1693ea67ba68a7af27a , .uf98b8d7cd9e7c1693ea67ba68a7af27a .postImageUrl , .uf98b8d7cd9e7c1693ea67ba68a7af27a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf98b8d7cd9e7c1693ea67ba68a7af27a , .uf98b8d7cd9e7c1693ea67ba68a7af27a:hover , .uf98b8d7cd9e7c1693ea67ba68a7af27a:visited , .uf98b8d7cd9e7c1693ea67ba68a7af27a:active { border:0!important; } .uf98b8d7cd9e7c1693ea67ba68a7af27a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf98b8d7cd9e7c1693ea67ba68a7af27a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf98b8d7cd9e7c1693ea67ba68a7af27a:active , .uf98b8d7cd9e7c1693ea67ba68a7af27a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf98b8d7cd9e7c1693ea67ba68a7af27a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf98b8d7cd9e7c1693ea67ba68a7af27a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf98b8d7cd9e7c1693ea67ba68a7af27a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf98b8d7cd9e7c1693ea67ba68a7af27a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf98b8d7cd9e7c1693ea67ba68a7af27a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf98b8d7cd9e7c1693ea67ba68a7af27a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf98b8d7cd9e7c1693ea67ba68a7af27a .uf98b8d7cd9e7c1693ea67ba68a7af27a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf98b8d7cd9e7c1693ea67ba68a7af27a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: American transcendentalism EssayEveryone would always be fully armed because they knew what peoplewould do to solve a conflict. Although we are a violent people,however, we believe in egalitarianism, that everyone is equal instatus. There were simply so many types of people, rich or poor, thatworked in the same way, earning money the same way, that a classsystem was not important. American psychology was deeply impacted bythe frontier experience. The frontier experience was very important in shaping modernAmerican culture. American development, moving from the known into theunknown, has drastically affected the way Americans live and functiontoday.

Personal Statement for Chemical Engineering Essays

Personal Statement for Chemical Engineering Essays Personal Statement for Chemical Engineering Paper Personal Statement for Chemical Engineering Paper The world hasnt been connected ever so strongly before than today as the planet earth has turned out to be a global village and people are trying their best to go beyond and further. I want to be a part of this ever growing world and think the best way to discover more of It is through applying our knowledge Into more of Industrial process . My ambition to become an chemical engineer grew right from my childhood as all I heard about was new Industries being developed -My Interest In his field was further enhanced by my ability to combine chemistry and mathematics to solve many different applications whether it is simple calculation or major and complex practical projects in the laboratory. I have also researched a lot about this field and was impressed by the very basics such as how many tests a product goes through in a laboratory. I have been an excellent student during my schooling career as my grades in reflect that. Apart from this, my Interest in sports and extra-curricular activities form the base of my all round abilities. I was also a member of the school prosecutorial board, which constitutes of the elite students of the school, as I was elected to be the house captain of one of the four houses In my school. Honored by the prestigious position given to me, I led my house as an example to win many Inter- house events such as basketball, football and cricket. This surely proves my ground breaking leadership excellence. Moreover I was selected in the inter-school football am to represent my school and won many trophies. I have also been actively involved in many social events such as cries never heard which was organized red crescent to raise money for the people of Bosnia and Palestine. My participation in various quiz competitions and debates not only improved my public speaking aptitude but also helped me develop sound knowledge in various other fields. Last year I had to take a gap year because of some personal circumstances and I was supposed how much difference It made In me. I took an Annihilate to travel around the country I am reselling In and came to know more about the many different aspects of the culture and language dialects that I thought never existed before-This not only enhanced my already good communication skills as I met many different people of different age backgrounds. Moreover I got a major boost in my confidence and teamwork skills as I did a part time Job in outdoor surveying. Teaching was another activity that I did during the year and it made me a more mature student in terms of honking out of the box and researching more about my subjects. I also spent time stretching my sporting abilities through swimming, football, table tennis, tennis and many other outdoor activities which for sure kept my mind and my body healthy and strong throughout the year. With the above mentioned qualities I hope my application will be successful, as I know I have the potential to do well at higher education. I am sure that your university will help me able to nurture my talents and fulfill my future ambitions to reach ten next level In chemical engineering

Millennium Dome Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Millennium Dome - Essay Example resources. A project means to achieve an end in harmony with the development process of the sponsoring organization. It is also usually a means to develop assets, acceptable within quality specifications. It is a process whereby six types of resources are invested; such resources are better known as the 6 M’s. These are men, materials, machines, money and minutes. Out of the six M’s minutes and money are mostly independent of one another. But the other 4M’s could be procured in exchange for money, but they are difficult to evaluate in minutes and monetary terms. Therefore it must be ensured that organizations should exercise the utmost caution in selecting and execution a project keeping in mind that resources are scarce commodities. Also keeping the scarcity factor in mind organizations must ensure that the projects should be clearly defined from the point of view of implementation and control (Kothari, 2007, p. 201). During the course of a project an organizati on faces a number of projects that are needed to be overcome to ensure successful execution of the project. The study looks to analyze such problem keeping the case of Millennium Dom at the focal point of discussion. The study looks to provide clear and concise understandings of the overall project management process, initial phase of the millennium dome project planning, the actual execution of the project, evaluate the outcomes of the project ( both positive and negative); and finally based on the above analysis the study looks to provide recommendations (De, 2011, p.229). Project Management Process A project management can be defined as the application of various skills, knowledge, tools, and techniques in order to achieve the required project goal. According to the definition of project management defined by The Project Management Institute (PMI), it is the art of coordinating and directing both material, financial and human resources throughout life of a project by using advanc ed management techniques to successfully achieve predetermined goals. Formulation of the organization as system of problem This is done in such a way to capture and highlight the essential and systematic properties of the organization, not by listing independently formulated threats and opportunities; but by protecting the future that the system would have it, and its environment, were to continue unchanged. It is the future that a system currently is in. End Planning This involves selecting the ideals, objectives and goals to be pursued by preparing an idealized redesign of the system planned for a design which the relevant stake holders would replace the existing system today if they were free to do so. The difference between this most desired design and t description developed in the first phase define the gaps to be filled by the remainder of the planning process. Means Planning Here the ways of filling the gaps are selected. These are more likely to require invention than disco very. They can take the form of policies, programs, projects and procedures, practices or individual courses of action. Resource Planning A determination is made of how much of each type of resource –people, facilities, equipments, materials, energy, money, information, knowledge and understanding will be needed by the means elected, and when these requirements will arise. Then it is quite

Discussion Board Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 4

Discussion Board - Essay Example A political process precedes any unanimous decisions. It explains why certain decisions have to be taken. This creates mutual understanding among members of a social forum. Successful decisions are discussed and agreed upon before ratification and implementation. The experience taught that concessions must be made while engaging in open deliberations. In future, a family engagement political process can achieve much if the members of the forum are open minded. My vision for future participation in the political process shall be to maximize on what all the members of the forum share in common. The future plan shall demand a strong follow up on the decisions and discussions of successful subsequent family engagement. In the first five years, my vision would be to establish a credible and consistent family engagement and discussion forum. In the next five years, I would build upon the gains of the deliberations from the previous forum. Political processes can be emotive be without a clear sense of purpose, they fail miserably (Constantino, 2008). Therefore, the visions would gradually build on consistent gains. Some of the anticipated gains would be sharing of resources, taking time bound targets and supporting the needy members of the

Housing law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Housing law - Essay Example Tackling both anti-social behavior and the causes of it has become a priority for the Government, Housing Corporation, RSL, and Local Authorities. Communities are demanding more effective ways to deal with this disease. "The Housing Corporation in its publication, "Themes from Inspection - Anti-Social Behavior" (June 2003) states: "Potential perpetrators must understand the consequences of anti-social behavior including the possible loss of their home, and realize that the association will take a tough line on unacceptable conduct". Property developers therefore have developed effective policies and procedures for tackling antisocial behavior in the areas in which it operates and we will work in partnership with residents and relevant agencies to ensure, as far as possible, that residents take responsibility for their actions and behave in a way which does not harass or intimidate others". "Anti-social behavior can have different meaning for different people. ... ose numerous unemployed junkie people begging by cash points, abandoned cars, litter and graffiti, young people using air guns to threaten and intimidate or people using fireworks as weapons", said David Blunkett, Home Secretary, in March 2003. Anti-Social Behavior - Statement of Policy, Cathy Jackson: H:My DocumentsPolicies & ProceduresASBFinal Statement of ASB Policy- Dec 2004.doc) To substantiate the Home Secretary's statement and policy, and to provide clarification to staff and residents, most property developers have brought the following actions under anti-social behavior: Use of threatening or offensive language Offensive drunkenness Using a property or any of the communal areas on a scheme for immoral or Illegal purposes, such as prostitution, or illegal manufacture, sale or use of drugs Excessive domestic noise, whether from radios, televisions, hi-fis, musical instruments, social activity, daytime or late night parties or gatherings The lighting of bonfires in the garden of a property or in any of the communal areas on a scheme The depositing of litter or rubbish either in the garden of a property or in any of the communal areas on a development or estate owned or managed by Accord Failure to control the behavior of pets including taking adequate precautions to prevent the fouling of neighboring areas The playing of ball games sufficiently close to neighboring homes so as to cause a nuisance or damage to Accord's property including boundary fences, trees and shrubs The carrying out of maintenance or repairs to motor vehicles other than those normally used for domestic purposes by the resident or members of their household Using threatening or aggressive behavior towards visitors. Physical Violence Harassment in any form, like due to a person's

The Challenges In Implementing Erp Systems

The Challenges In Implementing Erp Systems ERP is the process of integrating all the business functions and processes in an organization to achieve numerous benefits. First, a single point of data entry helps to reduce data redundancy while saving employees time in entering data, thereby reducing labour and overhead costs. Second, the centralization of information, decision-making, and control leads to increases in efficiencies of operations and productivity, as well as coordination between departments, divisions, regions, and even countries. This is especially true for multinational corporations (MNC), in which global integration could result in better communications and coordination around the world. The global sourcing and distribution of parts and services could also provide appropriate benchmarks for operations around the world. Third, the sharing of a centralized database provides business managers with accurate and up-to-date information to make well informed business decisions. Further, it reduces data redundancy while improving data integrity at the same time. Fourth, functional integration will consolidate all sorts of data, such as financial, manufacturing, and sales, to take advantage of bulk discounts. ERP is especially important for companies who are intimately connected to their vendors and customers, and who used electronic data interchange (EDI) to process sales transactions electronically. Therefore, the implementation of ERP is exceptionally beneficial to businesses such as manufacturing plants that mass-produce products with little changes. Nevertheless, the revolutionary and innovative ERP software system quickly expands into other business areas such as finance and retailing. ERP also provides companies with a competitive advantage over their competitors. But despite these several benefits, there are also certain challenges faced by ERP, especially during the implementation phase. Some of the challenges faced during the implementation of an ERP system are explained in the following sections. Typically ERP systems are very costly, take a lot of time to implement and have a risk associated with implementation, and also affect the job profiles of many employees. Thus the three major dimensions involved are money, time and people involvement. In addition, there is also a requirement to re-engineer existing business practices to match the needs of the new ERP system. AN ERP IMPLEMENTATION PLAN The following flowchart depicts several activities that must be performed before implementing an ERP system. Step 1: Managers must conduct a feasibility study of the current situation to assess the organizations needs by analyzing the availability of hardware, software, databases, and in-house computer expertise, and make the decision to implement ERP where integration is essential. They must also set goals for improvement and establish objectives for the implementation, and calculate the break-even points and benefits to be received from this expensive IT investment. Step 2: The second major activity involves educating and recruiting end users to be involved throughout the implementation process. Step 3: Managers form a project team or steering committee that consists of experts from all functional areas to lead the project. Step 4: After a decision is made to implement ERP, a team of system consultants will be hired to evaluate the appropriateness of implementing an ERP system, and to help select the best enterprise software provider and the best approach to implementing ERP. In most situations, the consultant team also recommends the modules that are best suited to the companys operations (manufacturing, financial, human resources, logistics, forecasting, etc.), system configurations, and Business-to-Business applications such as supply-chain management, customer relationship management, e-procurement, and e-marketplace. Step 5: Adequate employee and manager training must be provided to all business, stakeholders, including managers, end users, customers, and vendors, before the system is implemented. Such training is usually customized and can be provided by either internal or outside trainers. Step 6: The system installation process will address issues such as software configuration, hardware acquisition, and software testing. Step 7: Data and information in the databases must be converted to the format used in the new ERP system and servers and networks need to be upgraded. A post implementation review is recommended to ensure that all business objectives established during the planning phase are achieved. Needed modifications are tackled during this phase too. Issues Faced while Implementing an ERP Although issues faced while implementing an ERP are numerous, but this report classifies them majorly into selection related issues, technical issues, psychological issues, organisational change related issues and time and cost related problems. Selecting an appropriate ERP The first and foremost challenge faced by many organisations is deciding what sort of an ERP system they should select to implement. The managers must decide on the size, type and scope of the ERP system they actually require and how to choose the best solution amongst the existing hundreds of systems in the market. This selection problem arises for all businesses without exception and should be considered as seriously as possible for the reason that ERP system choice defines a companys strategy for at least the following 6 to 10 years and, no doubt, has a major impact on the future success of the entire business. To decide on the implementation of a successful ERP program, the managers should have an in-depth understanding of the organisations current business processes, organisational structure, culture, work environment and financial and economic strength. Due to enormous impact on the competitive advantage of the company, top management must consider the strategic implications of implementing an ERP solution keeping in mind the size of the company and the modules installed. Management must ponder about several topics like:- à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Does the ERP system strengthen the companys competitive position? à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ How does ERP affect the organizational structure and the culture? What is the scope of the ERP implementation only a few functional units or the entire organization? à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Are there any alternatives that meet the companys needs better than an ERP system? à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ If it is a multinational corporation, the management should be concerned about whether it would be better to roll the system out globally or restrict it to certain regional units? Only when all these points have been taken care of, can an ERP system be selected for further implementation. Technical Issues Once the appropriate ERP is selected, the arduous task of implementation has only begun. The next part of implementation issues are related to the technical aspects of the project both hardware and software. These issues include the existing servers and workstations to be updated and new and modern ones to be ordered, purchased, and replaced. The internal network also has to be analyzed and modernized if required; the speed and bandwidth of the existing Internet access should be taken into consideration, along with possible technical concerns about the mobile devices being used. If these questions are underestimated, they can dramatically impact the overall result of the project and easily result in slow performance in the first few weeks, or in some cases months of ERP implementation hence resulting in a slackening of the existing pace of business. However the situation has been changed during the last few years, and plenty of software-as-a-service (SaaS) applications that have shown up on the market now allow the cost and headache of hardware problems to be minimized. More specifically, ERP systems need a Graphical User Interface at the front end, and are based on a client-server technology. They require the ability to access and share data across all applications across different platforms. Some servers and equipment might have a need to be custom built, and that can also cause a time lag in ERP implementation. In short, it can be said that the unique hardware and software needs of an ERP system, along with the continued use of pre existing applications in an organisation can prove to be tricky and are a major consideration while implementing an ERP. Data quality and consistency issues This issue is common in companies that are implementing ERP for the first time and transferring their legacy data into the new system from Excel spreadsheets, manual records, or old disparate applications. Basically, the question is that old data that have been used and stored for years can for many reasons appear approximate or even incorrect in the new ERP system. Integration of data from other older systems with the new ERP system is a major concern while implementing the system. A particular company might have accounting and finance systems operating on different mainframes (say IBM 370 architecture), MRP systems on a high end VAX, and a logistics system on an AS 400. The legacy systems of this company might be coded in COBOL. Thus, the implementation of a new ERP system for such a company needs to be done very carefully and requires technical judgement for the implementation of this new system. People related Psychological Issues This is the most difficult type of issue to resolve. These are the questions and issues that originate from the aspect of human nature that never accepts any change without seeing the visible advantages of it. People-related issues such as corporate philosophy and leadership style can play an important role in the ERP implementation process. Research has concluded that active top management support and commitment are essential to the success of any system implementation. Frequently, executive councils and steering committees consisting of top managers are developed to plan and manage the IT initiatives. Employees can be quite wary of any kind of change in the business processes, particularly during periods of economic downturn. Ill-trained employees who fight the changes in the business process tend to be poor performers. Therefore, to increase the chance of a successful ERP implementation and to reduce users resistance to change, employees, especially those who are very knowledgeable with the operations, must be involved in all stages of the implementation process. Employees must also be educated about the ERP installation. Such educational endeavours should include a concise introduction to the basic concepts and architecture of ERP systems, including actual screen shots of the function modules. During these training sessions, it is important to discuss the managerial issues involved and to build a basic understanding of the integration concepts prior to the actual installation of the ERP system. Further, any Business-to- Business initiatives, reengineering projects, alliances, an d the introduction of new technologies should also be addressed. Project managers must take charge of the implementation process at all times. They must oversee the reengineering of the key business processes, reassign job responsibilities, restructure the organizations chart, and redefine work relationships. Further, they must also learn how to manage the software vendors and any outside consultants. Employees working on an ERP implementation project put in long hours (as much as 20 hours per day) including seven-day weeks and even holidays. Even though the experience is valuable for their career growth, the stress of implementation coupled with regular job duties could decrease their morale rapidly. Leadership from upper management and support and caring acts of project leaders would certainly boost the morale of the team members. Other strategies, such as taking the employees on field trips, could help reduce the stress and improve the morale. Organisational Changes ERP implementation brings significant changes into a companys conventional business model and the day-to day practices it has been using for years or even decades. ERP implementation requires organizations to reengineer their key business processes in fundamental ways, revamping old ways of conducting business, redefining job responsibilities, and restructuring the organization. For major multinational corporations (MNC), the ERP systems must be customized to address global issues where different countries have different ways of doing business, and to incorporate country-specific business practices pertaining to accounting, tax requirements, environmental regulations, human resources, manufacturing, and currency conversion into the integrated systems. While integrating the information systems across various countries, three types of misfits (relating to data, process, and output) can occur due to incompatibilities between software functionality and organizational requirements as well as differences in cultural and regulatory environments. The unique context of each country in which an organization operates must be carefully included into the traditionally Western-biased business practices inherent in the ERP systems. Implementation Cost and Time Implementation Cost: Even though the price of prewritten software is cheap compared with in-house development, the total cost of implementation could be three to five times the purchase price of the software. The implementation costs would increase as the degree of customization increases. After training the selected employees, strategies such as bonus programs, company perks, salary increases, continual training and education, and appeals to company loyalty work to retain them. Other intangible strategies such as flexible work hours, telecommuting options, and opportunities to work with leading-edge technologies are also being used. Implementation Time: ERP systems come in modular fashion and do not have to be implemented entirely at once. ERP packages are very general and need to be configured to a specific type of business and may follow a phase-in approach with one module implemented at a time. Some of the most commonly installed modules are sales and distribution (SD), materials management (MM), production and planning, (PP), and finance and controlling (FI) modules. The length of implementation is affected by the number of modules being implemented, the scope of the implementation, the extent of customization, and the number of interfaces with other applications. The more the number of units, the longer the implementation time. Further as the scope of implementation grows from a single business unit to multiple units spread out globally, the duration of implementation increases. Conclusion An ERP implementation is a huge commitment from the organization, causing millions of dollars and can take up to several years to complete. However, when it is integrated successfully, the benefits can be enormous. A well-designed and properly integrated ERP system allows the most updated information to be shared among various business functions, thereby resulting in tremendous cost savings and increased efficiency. When making the implementation decision, management must considered fundamental issues such as the organizations readiness for a dramatic change, the degree of integration, key business processes to be implemented, older applications to be included, and whether or not new hardware needs to be acquired. In order to increase the chance of user acceptance, employees must be consulted and be involved in all stages of the implementation process. Providing proper education and appropriate training are also two important strategies to increase the end user acceptance rate. The o rganization is also going through a drastic change, with changes in the way businesses are conducted, the organization being restructured, and job responsibilities being redefined. And finally, the cost and time of implementation of an ERP system also are a major challenge faced during the implementation process.

The two Duffy poems I have chosen to compare the way she presents Essay

The two Duffy poems I have chosen to compare the way she presents the speaker’s relationship with the person she is speaking to are Havisham and Elvis Twin Sister. Havisham is in a form of a monologue. Choose two Duffy Poems. Compare the way she presents the speaker’s relationship with the person she is speaking to (or about) Most of Carol Ann Duffy’s poems are about love, but that does not always mean that they contain positive connotations. Some contain positive where as quite a few of them have negative. The two Duffy poems I have chosen to compare the way she presents the speaker’s relationship with the person she is speaking to are ‘Havisham’ and ‘Elvis’ Twin Sister’. ‘Havisham’ is in a form of a monologue. She begins by telling the reader the cause of her troubles. She states ‘beloved sweetheart bastard’ which is an oxymoron meaning an apparent contradiction for example loving hate. She uses words to describe her bitter and angry tone such as ‘bastard’, ‘strangle’, ‘Nooooo’ and also ‘bang’. Duffy has used these words to make the readers aware of the ange...

Web And Media Technologies Platform Health And Social Care Essay

The WMTP is one of the spouses in the Zisukhanyo Schools Project that is funded by an Irish charity, the Protea Education Development Project. This undertaking provides computing machine labs and support services to three schools: Eastville, Liesbeeck and Mitchell Heights Primary Schools in Mitchell ‘s Plain, South Africa over a period of three old ages. The function of WMTP in this undertaking is to present three wellness publicity intercessions[ 3 ]to educate and raise consciousness on HIV among the participating schools.BackgroundHIV and AIDS have reached epidemic proportions in most parts of sub-Saharan Africa and have therefore become globally important in the broader wellness environment. By 1997, 20.8 million HIV and AIDS instances were recorded in this part ; this constitutes two-thirds of the planetary sum of people populating with AIDS for that twelvemonth ( Paul-Ebhohimhen, Poobalan & A ; Van Teijlingen, 2008 ) . It is, nevertheless, the impact of the pandemic on striplings ‘ wellness that causes much more concern. Bankole ( 2008 ) estimates that 4.3 % of immature adult females and 1.5 % of immature work forces aged between 15 to 24 old ages were populating with HIV at the terminal of 2005. Current estimations are that half of all new instances of HIV infection occur in people under the age of 25 and that 80 % of AIDS instances worldwide are between 15 and 24. In the same survey it was reported that really immature striplings ( ages 12-14 ) are already going sexually active. In the above-named survey it was found that although these immature people had cognition of HIV and contraceptive method, they earnestly lacked the in-depth apprehension on these subjects that could perchance forestall them from undertaking HIV and other sexually familial infections, or going pregnant. Therefore, it is important to convey the right information to these immature people before they become sexually act ive. The overpowering grounds suggested that aiming striplings as a bad group for preventive intercessions at the right phase should go a critical portion of any scheme reacting to HIV and AIDS. With this in head the WMTP developed its attack to steer the HIV intercessions for the Zisukhanyo Schools Project.Our attackThe PPKTM was developed and refined by the WMTP over several old ages ( Van Zyl & A ; Mattheyse, 2007 ) and its rules provide ongoing counsel for the execution of the HIV Prevention and Education Events. High-level rules include to: set up a relationship of trust with the mark communities transportation accurate information on HIV and AIDS in a manner that it is understood and impacts on the life styles of communities empower members of the communities, through instruction, with HIV cognition and accomplishments that they in bend can circulate to the wider community affect engagement of non-government administrations ( NGOs ) and community-based administrations ( CBOs ) to promote ownership of the cognition sharing events by the communities. perform ongoing monitoring and rating of intercessions. This attack farther intends to steer the scholars towards purposes of behaviour alteration as demonstrated with the overall subject to develop youth leading. Harmonizing to Mahat G et Al ( 2007 ) purposes of behaviour alteration can further efficaciously be achieved through authorising attacks such as equal instruction. The attack relies on the wellness belief theoretical account ( Rosenstock, 1966 ) which suggests that if a individual has a desire to avoid unwellness or to acquire good ( value ) and the belief that a specific wellness action would forestall unwellness ( anticipation ) , so a positive behavioral action will be taken. Groups of parents and pedagogues have undergone two equal pedagogues ‘ classs and another is planned for 2010.Intervention implemented in the Zisukhanyo Schools Project 2008-2010The 2008-2010 Zisukhanyo Schools Project insofar as it relates to HIV, comprised of three intercessions: HIV Prevention and Education Events to raise consciousness on HIV and AIDS on appropriate yearss in the South African calendar such as Youth Day and Women ‘s Day every bit good as the planetary World AIDS Day. The mark groups are the broad school community: all the scholars and pedagogues every bit good as sing parents and invitees. Three events take topographic point at each school for each undertaking twelvemonth.Summary of 2009 studyThe WMTP ‘s attack to these intercessions was based on old ages of experience in carry oning appropriate eHealth research in the application of a Peer to Peer Knowledge Transfer Model ( PPKTM ) for community wellness publicity intercessions. HIV events were organised at each of the three take parting schools: Liesbeeck, Eastville, and Mitchell Heights Primary Schools, on three outstanding yearss in the South African calendar, viz. , Youth Day, Women ‘s Day and World AIDS Day during 2009. The intercession aimed to enable the mark groups to go knowing on HIV bar, which harmonizing to the Health Belief Model theory, would take to purposes of behaviour alteration. The overall subject for the events was â€Å" Develop our young person, the leaders of tomorrow † . Four aims were identified with pre-determined indexs to mensurate the extent to which the purpose of this intercession was met. All these aims were either met or exceeded. Consequences showed a entire addition of 11 % in scholars ‘ HIV cognition and a 17 % addition in their cognition on HIV leading. The 2nd aim indicated that the pedagogues intended to recycle the stuffs which were supplied to them for the events, in their instruction of Life Orientation in school. There was an addition in the attending of parents at the events, particularly where they had heard of the event on the wireless beforehand during the particular proclamations that were broadcast in the preamble taking up to the event. The concluding aim, to construct a platform for HIV cognition sharing and networking among the mark groups, was besides met as measured by four of the indexs. Recommendations for the concluding twelvemonth include that results from all three HIV intercessions should be integrated where possible to derive optimal benefits. Emphasis should be placed on the sharing of HIV bar schemes with scholars, every bit good as encouraging of parents ‘ engagement. The wireless run plays an built-in function to prosecute the wider community and should be maintained. The overall subject, of making young person leaders, should besides be expanded upon. This is driven by research grounds that communities are much more likely to go sceptered to alter their behavior when information and behavior alterations are advocated by members from within their little community and the fact that learners rely to a great extent on their friends as a beginning of cognition on the subjects of safe sex and HIV. A Peer Educators ‘ Course taking to develop pedagogues and parents as HIV equal pedagogues who would take part in the HIV Prevention and Education Events and community enterprises. One class attended by pedagogues from all the schools is presented per twelvemonth for the continuance of the undertaking rhythm.Summary of 2009 studyThe Peer Educators ‘ Course is a cognition merchandise that was developed to construct capacity on HIV among pedagogues. The class is presented yearly to pedagogues and parents of the Zisukhanyo Schools Project. These consequences refer to the September 2009 class presented to parents and pedagogues of the Zisukhanyo Schools Project in Mitchell ‘s Plain and the Intshayelelo Primary School in Khayelitsha, South Africa. Quantitative information analyses showed that 37 % of the pedagogues who attended the class taught Life Orientation, the acquisition country where HIV is addressed in the South African course of study. The norm of the pedagogues ‘ experience in learning the topic was nine old ages. Many of these pedagogues do non hold the assurance, accomplishments or cognition to educate primary school scholars on HIV and AIDS or discourse sensitive subjects such as sex instruction. Yet, they do gain the importance of sharing cognition of these subjects with their scholars. The class proved to be a great aid to the participants with statistically important betterments in all countries after the class. There was a 54 % addition in HIV cognition and a 40 % addition in accomplishments development to discourse sensitive issues with scholars. Further analyses were conducted through categorising and aggregating qualitative informations which showed that pedagogues ‘ outlooks before the class ( 46 % ) were largely related to factors which came from outside the schoolrooms, such as the assorted cultural backgrounds of scholars and the general ignorance of society sing AIDS. Before the preparation, 51 % of participants arrived with an outlook of increasing their HIV cognition and 26 % of beef uping their educational accomplishments in these countries. All the participants commented after the class that their outlooks of the class had either been met, or exceeded. A notable observation was the greater figure of parents ‘ attending. Their increased inv olvement implies more HIV equal pedagogues to go active in the greater community. The consequences serve to show that the preparation class is an effectual tool to construct capacity of these important accomplishments and cognition among participants to enable them to move as HIV equal pedagogues in circulating HIV cognition and educating these communities which have been badly affected by the HIV epidemic. By utilizing pedagogues and parents at schools as members from within this community, the cognition has a much higher opportunity of conveying about the needed behavior alterations ( Hilfinger et al 2009 ) .HIV/AIDS eLearning UndertakingDuring the first undertaking twelvemonth ( September 2008 to May 2009 ) , Eastville Primary School in Mitchells Plain was selected to take part with an Irish school, Wesley College in Dublin to undergo in-depth eLearning on different facets of HIV. After the eLearning stage, conducted in a unafraid country of the AfroAIDSinfo Web portal, scholars from both schools sub-divided into little groups with two South African and two Iri sh scholars in each group. These scholars collaborated via an email treatment forum to develop HIV booklets as end product of their cognition consumption. The Collaborative eLearning Undertaking is considered by the MRC as an advanced intercession on cognition transportation and sharing. The purpose of this intercession is to reassign cognition on HIV and AIDS to South African ( SA ) and Irish scholars through the technique of eLearning. The undertaking was initiated in response to the high prevalence of HIV in South Africa and four aims were identified for the undertaking. These aims included: proviso of dependable HIV cognition ; utilizing Information and Communication Technologies for cognition sharing ; enabling communicating between two schools ; and development of a cognition merchandise ( brochure/pamphlet ) by scholars as an result of the eLearning and cognition sharing undertaking. It was the first chance for scholars from both states to be exposed to eLearning. Information and Communication Technologies ( ICTs ) to which scholars were exposed included electronic mail, the Web, hunt engines and a listserv ( email treatment forum ) . An online questionnaire which measured HIV cognition degrees of scholars involved was implemented before and after the intercession. A comparative analysis of the informations on scholars HIV cognition degrees showed an addition of 20.9 % for SA and 17.4 % for Irish scholars. Further analysis revealed an addition of 26.1 % for SA and 23.2 % for Irish scholars in the usage of ICTs. The minimum difference between the two groups reflected that the Irish scholars had better IT skills than their opposite numbers based on their old exposure to ICTs. There were two inquiries in the post-questionnaires that scholars completed after the programme intercession which focused on bridging socio-economic and cultural divides. Both the Irish and South African scholars scored more than 50 % on bridging the cultural barriers. These consequences were supported by qualitative analysis where both SA and Irish scholars made self-generated remarks on get the better ofing cultural barriers. During the collaborative stage the scholars developed HIV booklets in group work as a merchandise of their HIV cognition consumption during the Collaborative eLearning Project. All the groups submitted booklets and received base on balls Markss. The scholars reported the collaborative group work and interaction as the high spot of the programme intercession where 67 % of the SA and 85 % of the Irish scholars mentioned how much they enjoyed and benefited from the intercession. An Irish scholar said â€Å" I greatly enjoyed the undertaking. It opened my eyes to the universe ‘s jobs with AIDS/HIV. I besides learned a batch about the south African civilization and people through speech production with my spouses through electronic mail. † A South African scholar commented â€Å" I enjoyed it really much, it was merriment I liked being portion of this undertaking. I learned more about computing machines and to populate a healthy life style. When I grow up and run into person I will be faithful to him and condomise. † The two groups were guided through the HIV/AIDS eLearning Undertaking by pedagogues who submitted regular milepost studies. For the pedagogues it was the first clip that they were exposed to eLearning and it was a learning procedure with many challenges for them every bit good. The Irish pedagogue mentioned in his concluding study â€Å" I would extremely urge the coaction stage as it allows a existent dimension to the undertaking and sets it apart from other topics a pupil might take at school. † A concluding word from the South African pedagogue was â€Å" my scholars afterwards excelled in Life Orientation appraisals where they were tested on gender and HIV/AIDS and I attribute it to the HIV/AIDS eLearning Undertaking. †Suggested HIV intercessions for the drawn-out undertakingBased on the successful execution of the 2008-2010 Zisukhanyo Schools Project, the undermentioned recommendations are made for the extension of the undertaking: Settings attack: The drawn-out undertaking insofar as it relates to the HIV and AIDS intercessions, will be managed harmonizing to a wellness publicity scenes attack. A settings attack for schools is selected as a school is considered a little community with its ain civilization and is a wellness advancing environment in its ain right ( Naidoo & A ; Wills, 2009 ) . A holistic bottom-up authorization and educational attack will be followed. The intercession aims to systematically consequence alterations in wellness and societal wellbeing for the whole community based on participative planning. A Highly positive societal and wellness instruction activities will authorise scholars to take control over their lives.A Empowerment of scholars as persons and as a group intends to ruffle alteration throughout the school setting.A Outcomes include: Improved self esteem among scholars, moving as agents to act upon the community ; Development of HIV cognition, accomplishments and assurance among scholars ; A supportive and caring community ; School community influenced to take healthy life styles. Interventions are: HIV Prevention and Education Events: These are suggested to be continued on three selected yearss during the class of a twelvemonth at each school as they are the chief channels to raise consciousness on HIV and AIDS. Based on the aims of wellness publicity, extra efforts will be made to authorise the school community to develop HIV cognition, accomplishments and assurance to better their wellness ( Naidoo & A ; Wills, 2009 ) . In a societal context, self-pride will be developed through assorted group activities to enable scholars to do independent determinations for positive wellness action ( Wallerstein, 2002 ) . As a personal resource, empowerment develops power and assurance in persons for proactive stairss towards personal wellbeing ( Ottawa Charter, 1986 ) . The other intercessions listed below are introduced to back up this intercession. Peer Educators ‘ Course: Different customised equal pedagogues ‘ classs are suggested for pedagogues, parents and scholars. Our current class for pedagogues has been modified for community members and will be more suited for presentation to parents. A customised class will be developed and presented to youth leaders as a continuance of an overarching subject to develop young person leaders in an HIV context. The primary focal point will be pedagogues and scholars with some for parents during the complete undertaking rhythm. These classs intend to lend to the cognition, accomplishments and assurance of participants to move within the school community as agents to reassign HIV cognition, create supportive environments for larning and engagement – taking to swear, authorization and community spirit.HIV/AIDS eLearning Undertaking:A research survey will predate the first Extended Zisukhanyo Schools Project eLearning to compare schoolroom larning to eLearning, organizing portion of the initial Zisukhanyo Schools Project 2008-2010 between SA/Irish eLearning scheduled to get down in May 2010. Funders: Protea Schools Development Project ( eLearning constituent ) ; MRC, WCED and SA Dept of Treasury ( schoolroom constituent ) . Two suggestions for eLearning are proposed: That the South African schools participate in the eLearning intercession as a group ( 8 schools each in their second undertaking twelvemonth ) . These intercessions should non take topographic point until all the schools have computing machine labs and received computing machine literacy preparation. Alternatively one of the first eight schools participates in their second undertaking twelvemonth with an Irish school ; and one of the following eight schools participates in their second undertaking twelvemonth with an Irish school. The specific intercession will be implemented harmonizing to the discretion of the funder. The budget below is presented in one-year format.Proposed budgetYear 1 – 20108 schoolsMRCFunderProject direction, disposal, scientists R 300A 000,00 R 300A 000,001 ) HIV Peer Educators ‘ Course( 1 for pedagogues and 1 for scholars @ 40 participants each ) Peer Education class, statistical analysis, study authorship, refreshments R 296A 254,84 Development of scholars Peer Education stuff R 78A 000,00 Travel of pedagogues and scholars to peer instruction class R 43A 200,002 ) HIV Prevention and Education events( 3 events for 8 schools ) HIV activities aligned to the SA course of study, presentation, address, parents ‘ stuff R 30A 000,00 Guidance to radio Stationss & A ; function theoretical account in colloquialising research content R 16A 084,54 1 hr programme for broadcasts before events – Radio Stations R 40A 000,00 R 83A 490,00 Outside broadcast on yearss of events – Radio Station Engagement of the function theoretical account R 183A 678,00 Development & A ; printing of difficult transcript resources for events R 20A 000,00 R 24A 000,00 Traveling R 20A 000,00 R 20A 000,00 Repackaging of all broadcasts into podcasts and composing articles for online publication R 5A 000,00 R 10A 235,00 Telephone connectivity R 33A 396,00 Refreshments – parents and pedagogues R 36A 000,00 Statistical analysis and concluding year-end study R 83A 490,00EntireR 509A 084,54R 1A 113A 743,84MRC fiscal disposal levy @ 15 %R 167A 061,58Grand sumR 509A 084,54R 1A 280A 805,42Percentage part by each spouse 31.37 % 68.63 %Year 2 – 201116 schoolsMRCFunderProject direction, disposal, scientists R 350A 000,00 R 350A 000,001 ) HIV Peer Educators ‘ Course( 1 for pedagogues, 1 for parents and 2 for scholars @ 40 participants each ) Peer Education class, statistical analysis, study authorship, refreshments R 681A 386,13 Travel of pedagogues and scholars to peer instruction class R 99A 360,002 ) HIV Prevention and Education events( 3 events for 16 schools ) HIV activities aligned to the SA course of study, presentation, address, parents ‘ stuff R 69A 000,00 Guidance to radio Stationss & A ; function theoretical account in colloquialising research content R 36A 994,44 2 hr programme for broadcasts before events – Radio Stations R 92A 000,00 R 192A 027,00 Outside broadcast on yearss of events – Radio Station Engagement of the function theoretical account R 422A 459,40 Development & A ; printing of difficult transcript resources for events R 46A 000,00 R 55A 200,00 Traveling R 46A 000,00 R 46A 000,00 Repackaging of all broadcasts into podcasts and composing articles for online publication R 11A 500,00 R 23A 540,50 Telephone connectivity R 76A 810,80 Refreshments – parents and pedagogues R 82A 800,00 Statistical analysis and concluding year-end study R 192A 027,003 ) Collaborative HIV eLearning UndertakingProject direction, disposal, portal development R 300A 000,00 Revision and updating of HIV content in educational faculties, appraisal & A ; activities R 89A 700,00 Graphic art and development of synergistic apps, treatment platform R 44A 806,30 Web development + portal license part R 125A 000,00 R 57A 500,00 Customised Jerseies R 33A 284,68 R 16A 642,34 Statistical analysis of questionnaires R 48A 006,76 R 24A 003,38 Evaluation of scholar remarks, pedagogues studies and concluding study R 76A 810,80 R 38A 405,40 Orientation session for SA scholars R 32A 004,50 R 16A 002,25EntireR 1A 266A 601,18R 2A 508A 670,50MRC fiscal disposal levy @ 15 %R 376A 300,58Grand sumR 1A 266A 601,18R 2A 884A 971,08Percentage part by each spouse 33.55 % 66.45 %Year 3 – 201216 schoolsMRCFunderProject direction, disposal, scientists R 402A 500,00 R 402A 500,00 1 ) HIV Peer Educators ‘ Course ( 2 for pedagogues, 1 for parents and 1 for scholars @ 40 participants each ) Peer Education class, statistical analysis, study authorship, refreshments R 783A 594,05 Travel of pedagogues and scholars to peer instruction class R 114A 264,002 ) HIV Prevention and Education events ( 3 events for 16 schools )HIV activities aligned to the SA course of study, presentation, address, parents ‘ stuff R 79A 350,00 Guidance to radio Stationss & A ; function theoretical account in colloquialising research content R 42A 543,61 2 hr programme for broadcasts before events – Radio Stations R 105A 800,00 R 220A 831,05 Outside broadcast on yearss of events – Radio Station Engagement of the function theoretical account R 485A 828,31 Development & A ; printing of difficult transcript resources for events R 52A 900,00 R 63A 480,00 Traveling R 52A 900,00 R 52A 900,00 Repackaging of all broadcasts into podcasts and composing articles for online publication R 13A 225,00 R 27A 071,58 Telephone connectivity R 88A 332,42 Refreshments – parents and pedagogues R 95A 220,00 Statistical analysis and concluding year-end study R 220A 831,053 ) Collaborative HIV eLearning UndertakingProject direction, disposal, portal development R 345A 000,00 Revision and updating of HIV content in educational faculties, appraisal & A ; activities R 103A 155,00 Graphic art and development of synergistic apps, treatment platform R 51A 527,25 Web development + portal license part R 143A 750,00 R 66A 125,00 Customised Jerseies R 38A 277,38 R 19A 138,69 Statistical analysis of questionnaires R 55A 207,77 R 27A 603,89 Evaluation of scholar remarks, pedagogues studies and concluding study R 88A 332,42 R 44A 166,21 Orientation session for SA scholars R 36A 805,18 R 18A 402,59EntireR 1A 456A 591,36R 2A 884A 971,08MRC fiscal disposal levy @ 15 %R 432A 745,66Grand sumR 1A 456A 591,36R 3A 317A 716,74Percentage part by each spouse 33.55 % 66.45 %Year 4 – 20138 schoolsMRCFunderProject direction, disposal, scientists R 462A 875,00 R 462A 875,001 ) HIV Peer Educators ‘ Course( 1 for pedagogues and 1 for scholars @ 40 participants each ) Peer Education class, statistical analysis, study authorship, refreshments R 450A 566,58 Travel of pedagogues and scholars to peer instruction class R 65A 701,802 ) HIV Prevention and Education events( 3 events for 8 schools ) HIV activities aligned to the SA course of study, presentation, address, parents ‘ stuff R 45A 626,25 Guidance to radio Stationss & A ; function theoretical account in colloquialising research content R 24A 462,57 1 hr programme for broadcasts before events – Radio Stations R 60A 835,00 R 126A 977,85 Outside broadcast on yearss of events – Radio Station Engagement of the function theoretical account R 279A 351,28 Development & A ; printing of difficult transcript resources for events R 30A 417,50 R 36A 501,00 Traveling R 30A 417,50 R 30A 417,50 Repackaging of all broadcasts into podcasts and composing articles for online publication R 7A 604,38 R 15A 566,16 Telephone connectivity R 50A 791,14 Refreshments – parents and pedagogues R 54A 751,50 Statistical analysis and concluding year-end study R 126A 977,85EntireR 662A 238,20R 1A 700A 477,66MRC fiscal disposal levy @ 15 %R 255A 071,65Grand sumR 662A 238,20R 1A 955A 549,31Percentage part by each spouse 28.03 % 71.97 %

Terrorisms Increasingly lethality essays

Terrorisms Increasingly lethality essays Although the total volume of terrorist incidents world-wide has declined in the 1990s, the proportion of persons killed in terrorist incidents has steadily risen. For example, according to the RAND-St Andrews University Chronology of International Terrorism,5 a record 484 international terrorist incidents were recorded in 1991, the year of the Gulf War, followed by 343 incidents in 1992, 360 in 1993, 353 in 1994, falling to 278 incidents in 1995 (the last calendar year for which complete statistics are available).6 However, while terrorists were becoming less active, they were nonetheless becoming more lethal. For example, at least one person was killed in 29 percent of terrorist incidents in 1995: the highest percentage of fatalities to incidents recorded in the Chronology since 1968and an increase of two percent over the previous year's record figure.7 In the United States this trend was most clearly reflected in 1995 bombing of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City. Since the turn of the century, fewer than a dozen of all the terrorist incidents committed world-wide have killed more than a 100 people. The 168 persons confirmed dead at the Murrah Building ranks sixth on the list of most fatalities caused this centuryin a single terrorist incidentdomestic or The reasons for terrorism's increasing lethality are complex and variegated, but can generally be summed up as The growth in the number of terrorist groups motivated by a religious imperative; The proliferation of "amateurs" involved in terrorist acts; and, The increasing sophistication and operational competence of "professional" terrorists. The increase of terrorism motivated by a religious imperative neatly encapsulates the confluence of new adversaries, motivations and rationales affecting terrorist patterns today. Admittedly, the connection between religion and terrorism is not new.9 However, while rel...

Free Essays on Future Of EU

The link between internationalization, governance and democracy is a central problem for politics as well as for political science. Even if clear evidence on the nature of this link is not yet available, the literature seems to support the view that internationalization both undermines the capacity for governance and puts into question traditional forms of democracy. Because it could be quite complicated to look at the EU model from a point of classical democratic nation-state, it seems to be reasonable to discuss this problem, not by abstract reasoning, but by focusing on a concrete case. European Union is the best case available, which in recent decades has developed into a new type of political system with enormous consequences on democracy and governance in its member states. Despite repeated attempts for major institutional reforms, this system is likely to persist in its basic structures for the future and is unlikely to develop into a federal state or to disintegrate into a cl assic international organization. The present state of democracy and governance in the EU is therefore worth to be analyzed, as it is not a mere transitory state. In the following, we will first present a perspective of this political system, which by its choice of concepts and theoretical tools allows for an open view on possible tendencies and problems with respect to democracy and governance in the EU. In the third part, we discuss those features of the EU's political system, which are most important for an understanding of its present state and its prospective development. The fourth part presents two highly stylized, ideal-typical system models, each of which includes different mixtures and forms of democracy and governance. Both could be permanently stable but none of them can be reduced to the traditional forms of either „stateâ€Å" or „international organizationâ€Å". The final part consists of an overall assessment of the EU's possible development. ... Free Essays on Future Of EU Free Essays on Future Of EU The link between internationalization, governance and democracy is a central problem for politics as well as for political science. Even if clear evidence on the nature of this link is not yet available, the literature seems to support the view that internationalization both undermines the capacity for governance and puts into question traditional forms of democracy. Because it could be quite complicated to look at the EU model from a point of classical democratic nation-state, it seems to be reasonable to discuss this problem, not by abstract reasoning, but by focusing on a concrete case. European Union is the best case available, which in recent decades has developed into a new type of political system with enormous consequences on democracy and governance in its member states. Despite repeated attempts for major institutional reforms, this system is likely to persist in its basic structures for the future and is unlikely to develop into a federal state or to disintegrate into a cl assic international organization. The present state of democracy and governance in the EU is therefore worth to be analyzed, as it is not a mere transitory state. In the following, we will first present a perspective of this political system, which by its choice of concepts and theoretical tools allows for an open view on possible tendencies and problems with respect to democracy and governance in the EU. In the third part, we discuss those features of the EU's political system, which are most important for an understanding of its present state and its prospective development. The fourth part presents two highly stylized, ideal-typical system models, each of which includes different mixtures and forms of democracy and governance. Both could be permanently stable but none of them can be reduced to the traditional forms of either „stateâ€Å" or „international organizationâ€Å". The final part consists of an overall assessment of the EU's possible development. ...

Effect of corporal punishment on later delinquency rate Dissertation

Effect of corporal punishment on later delinquency rate - Dissertation Example Center of discussion in this paper is corporal punishment as use of physical force to elicit pain or discomfort, but not injury, to correct or punish a particular behavior of a child. Strength of physical force may vary from just a light slap to spanking or lashing with some object. In literature spanking, beating, whipping hitting and other euphemisms has been used for corporal punishment. There are basically three different levels at which corporal punishment are instituted. At a domestic level it involves families where children are punished either by their parents or other senior members of family. At a school level children are disciplined using corporal punishment mostly by the principle of that institution or sometimes by the teachers themselves. The third level is the judicial level where court sentence some form of corporal punishment to modify the anti-social behavior of a criminal. Corporal punishment is an ancient trend. It was associated to religious aspects not long ago in the ideology of original sins and possession by devils. After going through much of the literature the author noticed that researchers are of two different opinions when it comes to corporal punishment. Some believes corporal punishment is incorporated in effective parenting and required to prevent any individual to develop anti-social behavior while others believe that corporal punishment leads to negative emotions capable of invoking anti-social behavior.... The exhibition of these boiling emotions may not be immediate but they will become evident in later on and as I mentioned earlier the picture varies depending on many different elements. It gives birth to a volcano dormant initially; giving a false sense that the treatment of corporal punishment is working but dilemma arise when countdown stop and explosions begins. It is possible for child to develop hatred and anger towards the person institutionalizing the punishment. So it is very important to identify those who are directly involved to understand their influence on the child. As discussed earlier the first two levels of corporal punishment involve parents and teachers. These two are the main institutions to provide the basic learning and guidance that can invoke consciousness in a child and make him a good person. Imagine if they both are at fault in the mind of that innocent child. The consequences can be disastrous. Not all parents react in same way when their child misbehaves . Some will punish regularly, some rarely and others may not punish them at all but majority falls under the second category. (Straus et al 1994). When corporal punishment is properly planned, controlled and without overwhelming emotions it is called Instrumental Corporate Punishment. On the contrary if it is sudden, uncontrolled and with the outburst of emotions it is said to be Impulsive Corporate Punishment. It has been analyzed by many researches that those parents using Instrumental type often punish them on regular basis hence their children are more receptive. It follows the principle of negative reinforcement. When parents use corporate punishment and child complies, it negatively reinforces parents to stop such

Reaction paper to the article The Role of Children in the Design of Essay

Reaction paper to the article The Role of Children in the Design of New Technology - Essay Example Is this was Druin proposes three main roles for children in the design process. Specifically these involve: user, tester, informant, and design partner. In this way children are tasked with becoming directly involved in the design process through engaging with the games and providing feedback. At later stages in the development they are tasked with actually giving advice to the designers about how the technology or game could be changed. The research then gives expansive consideration to the specific processes within these stages. A considerable amount of past research is advanced that considers how child-design interactions have been advanced in the past. Eventually the researchers advance the notion of cooperative inquiry. This aspect of the collaborative framework articulates how the child can best be utilized to gain insights on the design process. During the article’s conclusion the researchers establish a graph that articulates the historical evolution of human-computer interaction (HCI). This demonstrates that children have increasingly been given the opportunity to provide their insight into the design process. There are a number of considerations related to this article. One of the most prominent considerations is that the divisions the author establishes -- user, tester, informant, design partner – are highly simplistic in nature. In this way they constitute less an innovative framework and more a way of articulating common sense ways of engaging with children. While the author advances a number of research on the subject, in many instances this past research does not form a functional gestalt. Instead, it merely offers disparate ways that children have been used in the design process. Still, the researcher’s perspective on cooperative inquiry is effective in that it provides a structured process that can be used for a large variety of applications. In this way the researchers argue that the child and adult collaboration